新西兰扩大“公民逮捕权”:商家未来可更主动制止盗窃犯罪

新西兰政府推动的《犯罪法修正案》(Crimes Act Amendment Bill)即将进入国会最后审议阶段。司法部长 Paul Goldsmith 表示,法律通过后,商家、保安人员以及普通公众将获得更广泛的“公民逮捕权”(citizen’s arrest powers),以应对不断上升的零售犯罪问题。

政府表示,新法旨在加强治安体系、保护零售行业,并让犯罪分子面对更严厉的法律后果。


零售犯罪造成“数十亿纽元损失”

司法部长表示:

“新西兰零售犯罪造成的经济损失已经达到数十亿纽元。零售商和保安人员经常面临辱骂甚至暴力攻击,这种情况任何新西兰人都不应该承受。”

政府强调,改善治安是其执政重点之一,包括:

  • 更有效保护商家和一线工作人员;
  • 赋予公众合理制止犯罪的能力;
  • 提高犯罪成本;
  • 减少重复犯罪。

新法主要内容

《犯罪法修正案》包括以下改革:

1. 扩大公民逮捕权

目前,新西兰法律规定部分情况下公众可以实施逮捕,但针对部分犯罪行为存在时间限制。

新法将:

  • 修改《犯罪法》,允许公众在任何时间制止《犯罪法》规定的犯罪行为;
  • 取消部分盗窃行为只能在特定时间段适用公民逮捕权的限制。

此前,包括部分价值低于1000纽元的盗窃行为,在公民逮捕方面存在时间限制(例如晚上9点至凌晨6点)。


2. 明确合理使用约束措施

新法将进一步明确:

  • 在实施公民逮捕时,可以在合理情况下使用限制措施;
  • 但逮捕者必须遵守“合理性”原则。

政府强调,公民并不会获得无限制的执法权。


3. 强化针对暴力犯罪处罚

法案还包括:

针对急救人员和监狱工作人员袭击行为设立专门罪名

政府认为:

“那些在危险情况下冲向现场帮助他人的一线工作人员,应受到更强保护。”


加重“偷袭拳”(coward punch)犯罪处罚

新法将设立三项新的“偷袭拳”相关罪名。

政府表示,此类攻击可能导致:

  • 死亡;
  • 永久性脑损伤;
  • 严重身体伤害。

4. 建立新的商店盗窃处罚机制

根据国家党与新西兰优先党联合政府协议:

新法将建立新的:

Shoplifting infringement regime(商店盗窃违规处罚制度)

目标是提高处理效率,并减少低级盗窃案件长期积压。


5. 加强人口贩卖和偷渡犯罪打击

法案还将:

  • 堵塞现有法律漏洞;
  • 加强针对人口贩卖和人口走私犯罪的处罚。

政府承诺:大选前完成立法

Goldsmith表示:

“我们承诺在下一次大选前完成这项法律改革,我们正在兑现承诺。”

政府预计,该法律将在国会通过后约一周内正式生效。


分析:治安加强还是个人执法风险增加?

支持者认为:

✅ 可以帮助商家更有效应对盗窃;
✅ 减少犯罪分子的“低风险、高收益”;
✅ 缓解警方资源压力。

但批评者可能担忧:

⚠ 普通公众是否具备判断犯罪和使用合理力量的能力;
⚠ 公民逮捕可能导致冲突升级;
⚠ 少数族裔或弱势群体可能面临误判风险。

因此,法律实施后,如何界定“合理力量”和防止滥用,将成为社会关注重点。


来源:New Zealand Government / Ministry of Justice


Businesses will soon have additional powers to detain and arrest those stealing from them with the Government’s Crimes Act overhaul scheduled to start its final reading this week, Justice Minister Paul Goldsmith says.

“The economic cost of retail crime in New Zealand is in the billions. Retailers and security guards face abuse and assault that no New Zealander should be subjected to. 

“Our government is committed to fixing the basics in law and order, and that means ensuring retailers are being effectively protected, are empowered to stop offending, and that offenders are caught and deterred from doing it again.

“The Crimes Act Amendment Bill is another significant piece of the Government’s efforts to restore law and order. It ensures criminals face stronger penalties for retail crime, attacking first responders, coward punches, and dealing in slaves.

“Where others may flee, first responders and front-line corrections workers run towards danger to help those who need urgent assistance. Assaulting them puts multiple lives at risk, so there must be greater consequences for these terrible acts of violence.

“We know how dangerous coward punches are. People can be killed or suffer lifelong brain injuries, yet perpetrators often receive lenient and insufficient sentences. That changes with this legislation.

“We promised to have this passed into law before the next election. We’re delivering. This legislation will take effect within a week of this Bill passing into law.” 

The Crimes Act Amendment Bill includes:

New specific offences for assaulting first responders or front-line corrections workers, as committed to in the National-New Zealand First coalition agreement.
Three new specific coward punch offences, as committed to in the National-New Zealand First coalition agreement.
Additional citizen’s arrest powers.
A new shoplifting infringement regime, as committed to in the National/New Zealand First coalition agreement.
Strengthening trafficking and people smuggling laws to stop criminals using loopholes to evade real consequences for crime.

Changes in relation to citizens’ arrest powers are:

Amending the Crimes Act so that citizens can intervene to stop any Crimes Act offence at any time of the day. (Currently some – including theft under $1000 – apply only between 9PM and 6AM).
Requiring that a person making an arrest contact Police and follow Police instructions.
Clarifying that restraints can be used, when reasonable, when making an arrest. 
Changing the defence of property provisions to the Crimes Act so it is clear that reasonable force may be used.